> .. between 1615 and 1651 the Tokugawa confiscated the fiefs of 95 daimyō who thus lost all means of support – as did their retainers, who lost their stipends and became rōnin.. Over the same period the shoguns also transferred 250 other #fiefs from one daimyō to another. According to #HaroldBolitho: ‘Never in the history of Japan had so much violence been done to local autonomy.’
https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=C0B7160213B5159CDC299A19474D4FA9
#GeoffreyParker, The #Ronin #浪人 came from, DaiMyou that were too mean for #Tokugawa #家光

> The deep cold.. and extreme weather events..resulted in a series of droughts, floods and harvest failures that led to forced migrations, wars and revolutions. The fatal synergy between human and natural disasters..[killed] perhaps one-third of the human population.
> There are two ways to consider the impact of #ClimateChange.. predict the future based on current trends or.. study a well-documented episode of the past.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/opinion/sunday/lessons-from-the-little-ice-age.html
I saw #GeoffreyParker in #NutmegsCurse