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In 1941, Minnijean Brown-Trickey was born in Rogers, Arkansas. Was one of the Little Rock Nine who transferred to Little Rock Central High School in the wake of Brown v. Board of Education. She worked as a civil rights activist and was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

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In 1561, the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima took place between the forces of Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin with both leaders dueling in Takeda's command post with Takeda defending himself with only his gunbai (metal signaling fan).

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In 1695, English pirate Henry Every (or Avery) pulled off one of the most profitable raids known as his crew captured the Mughal dhow Ganj-i-Sawai. When word of the capture reached Emperor Aurangzeb, he threatened to block all English trade with his empire in response.

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In 1860, Jane Addams was born Laura Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. A reformer, social worker, author, and philosopher noted for her radical pragmatism. She co-founded Hull House in Chicago and was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920.

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In 1622, the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha is sunk in a hurricane. Only 5 members of the crew and passengers were rescued and the 200 million pesos ($1.1 billion in 2022 dollars) worth of cargo remained buried until discovered by Mel Fisher's Treasure Salvors in 1975.

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In 476, Romulus Augustulus is deposed as the Western Roman Emperor by Odoacer, who declared himself King of Italy. This is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire and the transition point from Antiquity to the Medieval period.

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In 301, San Marino, one of the smallest nations and the oldest republic in existence, was founded when Saint Marinus founded his chapel and monastery on Monte Titano.

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In 1859, the strongest geomagnetic storm on record took place as a coronal mass ejection (CME) impacted with Earth's magnetic field. Aurora was seen around the world and telegraph wires sparked and caught fire as well as the connecting stations.

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In 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck Tokyo and Yokohama. The magnitude 7.9 megathrust quake and firestorms killed an estimated 105,000 people. An additional 6,000-10,000 Koreans were murdered after rumors of wells being poisoned spread.

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In 1888, the body of Mary Ann (aka Polly) Nichols is discovered in Whitechapel, London. She is the first confirmed victim of the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper.

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In 1797, Mary Shelley was born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin in London, England. It would a rainy evening on the shores of Lake Geneva, Switzerland where she created the work considered the first modern science fiction story, Frankenstein.

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In 1911, Ishi ('man' in the Yana language), who is thought to be the last member of the Yahi people, stepped out from the wilderness near Oroville, California. His real name was never known as there were no other living Yahi to speak his name.

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In 1849, within the context of the Revolutions of 1848, the city of Venice, having declared itself the Republic of San Marco 17 months prior, surrendered to Austrian forces after a long siege. Daniele Manin, who declared the independence of Venice from Austrian rule, negotiated the surrender as famine and cholera was rampant.

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In 1896, the shortest record war in history took place between the British Empire and the Sultanate of Zanzibar. The 38-45 minute long conflict was started when Khalid bin Barghash became sultan against the wishes of the British. Failing to heed the ultimatum to step down, Khalid barricaded himself in the palace with loyal troops. 500 Zanzibari were killed or wounded to just one British sailor wounded.

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In 1918, Katherine Johnson was born Creola Katherine Coleman in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. She worked for both NACA and NASA as a human 'computer'. Her advanced mathematical skills with trajectories and flight paths were essential to the Mercury, Apollo, and early Space Shuttle missions.

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In 1981, Voyager 2 made its closest approach to the planet Saturn. The probe passed through the rings during this maneuver to line up for the next encounter with Uranus.
In 1989, Voyager 2 made its closest approach to the planet Neptune. Its course took it over the Neptunian north pole for an approach to the largest moon Triton. Once it passed out of the Neptunian system, Voyager 2 would head out into interstellar space behind its sister probe, Voyager 1.

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In 1938, a Douglas DC-2 aircraft named Kweilin is attacked by Japanese warplanes en route to Wuzhou from Hong Kong. The American pilot is forced to make a water landing and the plane was strafed until it sunk. Only 3 of the 14 passengers and crew survived what became the first hostile military attack on a civilian flight. The incident soured American views on the Japanese, making many believe that Japan was morally wrong in they war against China.

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In 1954, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules took off on its first flight. The multi-role aircraft remains in use today by both military and civilian organizations.

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In 1864, the first Geneva Convention is signed by 12 European nations. The first treaty established standards for the recovery and treatment of sick and wounded soldiers by both sides of a conflict. It also established protocol regarding the immunity from combat for medical locations and personnel both military and civilian and the recognition of the Red Cross as a neutral third party.

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In 1986, a limnic eruption of Lake Nyos in Cameroon released 300,000 tons of carbon dioxide (some claim the amount of CO2 as upwards of 1.5 million tons) that settled to the ground and displaced the oxygen in a 25 kilometer (12 miles) area around the lake. 1,746 people were asphyxiated along with over 3,500 livestock. A degassing system has since been installed to another limnic eruption from occurring again in the future.