Indo-European dialects dispersed across Eurasia in successive waves over the course of 8,000 years.

Word origins and ancient DNA reveal the evolutionary path traveled by the languages spoken by half the world.

https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-07-28/indo-european-dialects-dispersed-across-eurasia-in-successive-waves-over-the-course-of-8000-years.html

#Europe #Eurasia #Languages #IndoEuropean #ProtoIndoEuropean #Science #Anthropology

Cé nach bhfuil tuiscint mhaith agam ar eolaíocht na staitisticí ná cáilíocht ar bith mar theangeolaí, beidh amhras orm i gcónaí faoi anailísí staitistiúla ar stair na hInd-Eorpaise. Bíonn gach cineál staire casta; ní théann cúrsaí ar aghaidh ar luas réidh ach i dtreallanna fuadair is tréimhsí síocháin. Níl ach an achoimre léite agam ar ndóigh, ach tá cúpla rud ann a d’fhág mé ag tochas mo chinn: na teangacha Ceilteacha níos gaire do na teangacha Gearmánacha ná na teangacha Iodálacha; agus easpa fianaise go raibh scoilt ar leith idir na teangacha Anatólacha is na teangacha eile (mar ghrúpa comhleanúnach).
#pie #protoindoeuropean #linguistics

“Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages”

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg0818

@wordofthehour

from PIE *dakru- (source also of Latin lacrima, Old Latin dacrima, Irish der, Welsh deigr, Greek dakryma

#OldEnglish
#ProtoIndoEuropean
#Greek
#Latin
#Irish
#Welsh
#tear
#lácrima
#dakru

artery: muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.
-Oxford English Dictionary

Ojibwe: gimiskweyaab(iin) (your artery)

Old English: gēotend-ǣder, f.n: vein, artery. (YAY-oh-tend-ADD-er / ˈjeːɔ-tɛnd-ˌæː-dɛr)

from Greek arteria "windpipe," also "an artery," as distinct from a vein; related to aeirein "to raise" (see aorta).from Greek arteria "windpipe," also "an artery," as distinct from a vein; related to aeirein "to raise" (see aorta).

14c.-16c. artery in English also could mean "trachea, windpipe."

possibly from PIE root *wer- (1) "raise, lift, hold suspended."
-Etymology Online

from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (artēríā, “windpipe; artery”).

from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wér-ye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-.
-Wikipedia

#artery
#windpipe
#trachea
#wer
#ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ
#artēríā
#hwéryeti
#hwer
#etymology
#English
#OldEnglish
#Ojibwe
#Greek
#ProtoIndoEuropean

Greece and India's ancient ties run deep, from language to shared pantheon and historical learning. By: Vikram Zutshi

#India #greece #History #culture #Eurasia #languages #ProtoIndoEuropean #IndoAryanlanguages #Greek #GreeceandIndia

https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/overlapping-legacies-vedic-india-and-ancient-greece-in-conversation/

2/🧵

And the word for Mother, and Mutter, madre etc., is just as ancient.

https://mastodonapp.uk/@ancientsounds/110303852253463497

The speakers of our #ProtoIndoEuropean common ancestor language to the ones now spoken from childhood by half the world lived in the region now being shaken by war after #Russia tried to invade #Ukraine and this far has thankfully failed—but at a grievous cost to the defending nation. The ancestors of both warring sides (and myself, from both my #Finnish and #German ic halves) waged battle…

2/🧵

And the word for Mother, and Mutter, madre etc., is just as ancient.

https://mastodonapp.uk/@ancientsounds/110303852253463497

The speakers of our #ProtoIndoEuropean common ancestor language to the ones now spoken from childhood by half the world lived in the region now being shaken by war after #Russia tried to invade #Ukraine and this far has thankfully failed—but at a grievous cost to the defending nation. The ancestors of both warring sides (and myself, from both my #Finnish and #German ic halves) shot each other…

Six thousand years ago, a boy called out, unsteadily, on horseback, to the man who had helped raise him along with his mother, who now showed him the way to sit atop one of the graceful beasts they often ate as well as rode, and in living memory had started hitching to carts.

What the boy said was probably something like this: “p∂tēr,” pronounced PAD-rrr with a guttural “r” deep down in the throat. This #ProtoIndoEuropean word resulted in not just Father but Vater, padre, and pater.

Six thousand years ago, a young man called out, unsteadily, on horseback to the man who had helped raise him along with his mother, who now showed him the way to sit atop one of the graceful beasts they often ate as well as rode, and in living memory had started hitching to carts.

What the boy said was probably something like this: “p∂tēr,” pronounced PAD-rrr with a guttural “r” deep down in the throat. This #ProtoIndoEuropean word resulted in not just Father but Vater, padre, and pater.

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mo(u)ld" descends from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ], something like this:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mould-from-PIE-mlh2teh2.wav

*ml̥h₂-téh₂ is from the root *melh₁-, which also lies behind "meal" and "mill". The derived form *ml̥h₂-tó- developed into Sanskrit and Hindi मृदा mrda “soil, clay”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-mlh2dh-to-Sanskrit-mrda.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Sanskrit #Hindi

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mother" descends from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂tḗr [maté:r], earlier [meħté:r], something like this:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mother-from-PIE-meh2ter.wav

*meh₂tḗr also developed into Persian مادر modar:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-meh2ter-to-Persian-modar.wav
and related forms in most if not all other Indo-European languages.

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian

"Moth" descends from Proto-Indo-European *mot-, something like this:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/moth-from-PIE-mot.wav

"Maggot" also descends (via maddock, maðek) from the same stem:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/maggot-from-PIE-mot.wav

*mot- also developed into Belarusian мотыль matil “butterfly”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-mot-to-Belarusian-matylj.wav

and Persian ملخ malakh “locust, grasshopper”, something like this:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-mot-to-Persian-malax.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Belarusian #Persian

CW: picture of a grasshopper

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Moss" descends from Proto-Indo-European *meus-, something like this:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/moss-from-PIE-meus.wav

A related form of the same root (the zero-grade) *mus-o-
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-meus-to-PIE-muso.wav
descended into Ukrainian мох mokh:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-muso-to-Ukrainian-mox.wav

The same root also descended into Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian mahovina:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-muso-to-Bosnian-mahovina.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Ukrainian #Bosnian #Croatian #Serbian #Mosstodon

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Morn(ing)" descends from Proto-Indo-European *mrk-on [mr̩:k], something like this (ignoring the suffix -on):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/morn-from-PIE-mrHk.wav

"(To)morrow" is from the same root:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/tomorrow-from-PIE-mrHk.wav

The same root also descended into Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian mrak “dark, dusk”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-mrHk-to-Bosnian-mrak.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Bosnian #Croatian #Serbian

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Moon" descends from Proto-Indo-European *méh₁nos [me:nos], something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/moon-from-PIE-meh1nos.wav

The same root also descended into Persian ماه mah:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-meh1nos-to-Persian-mah.wav

The final [h] is most likely descended from the Proto-Indo-European word-final *s, not the medial *h₁.

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mist" descends from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰ- [ŏmigʱ], something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mist-from-PIE-h3migh.wav

The same root also descended into Persian مه meh:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-h3migh-to-Persian-meh.wav

The suffixed form *h₃migʰ-leh₂ [ŏmigʱlɐ:] developed into Modern Greek ομίχλη omikhli:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-h3migh-to-ModernGreek-omixli.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian #Greek

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mirth" descends via Anglo-Saxon merġþ ("merry+th") from Proto-Indo-European *mrǵʰ-u-, meaning “short”, something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mirth-from-PIE-mrghu.wav

The same root also descended into Sanskrit मुहु muhu “short”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-mrghu-to-Sanskrit-muhu.wav

(These simulations sound a bit more "synthetic" than I would have liked, so I hope to re-do and improve them in the future.)

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Sanskrit

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mingle" descends from Proto-Indo-European *monk-, a derived form of *menk-, something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mingle-from-PIE-menk.wav

*menk- also descended into Persian آمیختن amekhtan “mix, mingle, blend, couple”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Persian-amekhtan.wav

to Sanskrit मचते machate “to be arrogant”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Sanskrit-macate.wav

and to Bosnian mek “soft”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Bosnian-mek.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian #Sanskrit #Bosnian

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mingle" descends from Proto-Indo-European *monk-, a derived form of *menk-, something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mingle-from-PIE-menk.wav

*menk- also descended into Persian آمیختن amekhtan “mix, mingle, blend, couple”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Persian-amekhtan.wav

to Sanskrit मचते machate “to be arrogant”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Sanskrit-macate.wav

and to Bosnian “soft”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Bosnian-mek.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian #Sanskrit #Bosnian

Audio Etymologies of the Day

"Mingle" descends from Proto-Indo-European *monk-, a derived form of *menk-, something like this (listen):
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/mingle-from-PIE-menk.wav

*menk- also descended into Persian آمیختن amekhtan “mix, mingle, blend, couple”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Persian-amekhtan.wav

to Sanskrit मचते machate “to be arrogant”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Sanskrit-macate.wav

and to Bosnian “soft”:
🔈http://www.ancientsounds.net/eastern-origins/PIE-menk-to-Bosnian-mek.wav

@linguistics #audio #etymology #phonetics #EnglishLanguage #ProtoIndoEuropean #Persian #Sanskrit #Bosnian