Injecting fractalkine into mouse models of multiple sclerosis increased the number of oligodendrocytes. Findings suggest fractalkine may help to slow the progression, or potentially halt Multiple Sclerosis.

#Neuroscience #Brain #Neurology #NeurologicalDiseases #NeurodegenerativeDiseases #Neuroimmunology #Neuroinflammation #Demyelination #DemyelinatingDiseases #MultipleSclerosis #Oligodendrocytes #Fractalkine

https://neurosciencenews.com/multiple-sclerosis-fractslkine-222344/

RT @DoctorPAF@twitter.com

Pleased to share our first pre-print.

We looked at the axon death molecule #SARM1 in myelinating #CNS and #PNS #Glia in 🐭and 🐟

Surprisingly we find SARM1 is present & functional in #oligodendrocytes but not in #Schwanncells and #satelliteglia

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519209v1

🐦🔗: https://twitter.com/DoctorPAF/status/1602284664533966849

Did you know that #myelination of neuronal axons by #oligodendrocytes in our #brain is a plastic process in which #myelin structure (white matter) can change in response to neuronal activity?

Here is a very interesting review article by Juliet Knowles and colleagues at Stanford University:

Adaptive and maladaptive myelination in health and disease

#OpenAccess article in Nature Reviews #Neurology: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-022-00737-3

#neuroscience #psychiatricdiseases

😀 Delighted to announce that our #neuroscience paper has just been published in Cell Reports:

"Spread of pathological human #Tau from #neurons to #oligodendrocytes and loss of high-firing pyramidal neurons in aging #mice"

https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(22)01517-0

🔴 Demyelinating Diseases

🔸 The #glialcells that make the myelin are of different types that make it (myelin) in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system. And because of that, people who get a demyelinating disease, get it either in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system -- but not in both.

🔸 So the problem is either in the #oligodendrocytes (and the interaction between the oligodendrocytes and the axon) -- in which case you get a central demyelinating disease, and the most common by far is multiple #sclerosis -- or there's a problem in the #SchwannCell and its connection to the axon, and in that case you can get a variety.

🔸 There are a diverse group of hereditary neuropathies called Charcot-Marie Tooth, which are #DemyelinatingDiseases. They're inherited and they typically progress and become worse with time.
🔸 There's also an acute demyelinating disease called Guillain–Barré, which typically has a very quick onset, it's inflammatory, and luckily it goes away after a while.

**Glial Cells**
The human brain contains 86B neurons and 85B Glia.

**Different types of Glia:**

🔸 Astrocytes: Astrocytes are really important type of Glia. They're essentially responsible for keeping the environment clean, they're the sanitation worker of the brain. So they are picking up all the refuse that the neurons have let loose including excess ions, excess #neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

They also are very important during development. They allow neurons to get to where they have to go during development. #Neurons are born in one place and they have to go some place else, and what highway did they take? They hitch on a progenitor cell that is going to become an #Astrocyte.

And, in addition when synapses are formed, the synapses are not maintained without some effort, and part of that is that the synapses are enveloped in the processes of #Astrocytes. So, there's a lot of structural and metabolic support that the Astrocytes are providing for neurons.

🔸 Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells: The #oligodendrocytes make myelin in the CNS and the #SchwannCells make it in the Peripheral Nervous System. So all these demyelinating diseases will affect either central myelin or peripheral #myelin. They will not affect both -- central or peripheral.

Because they are made by two different types. The Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and a Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.

🔸 Microglia: #Microglia are the one exception to the rule that
nervous system, that the cells of the nervous system come from Ectoderm. These are actually essentially immune cells coming from the blood lineage. These are immune cells that have invaded into the central nervous system and their job is to be quiet. And if we're healthy and everything goes well, they are quiet. But when there is a problem these microglia react, they try to rectify things, they try and bring some attention to areas of damage and what is emerging is that sometimes they go overboard and they start to participate in making the problem as well as solving the problem.